吴式太极——起源

作者-向阳　来源：太极文化

　　清同治年间，宗师杨露禅(1799－1872)受聘于端王府，教授太极拳。杨露禅从神机(火器)营众护卫中挑选了三个人传授太极拳，即凌山、万春和全佑(1834－1902)，其中凌山善发劲，万春善刚劲、全佑善柔化，人称三人各得先生之一体，有筋骨皮之分。全佑先生字公甫，号保亭，河北省大兴县人，满族，性格外柔内刚，外表斯文，为人乐善好施，慷慨助人。宗师先学杨露禅的大架，后又学杨班候初改的小架，然后将两者融会贯通，发展了原来的杨式太极拳。全佑先生传子鉴泉，徒有王茂斋、郭松亭、常远亭、夏公甫、齐阁臣等。

　　全佑之子吴鉴泉（1870－1942）（因其满族音译而姓吴），又名爱伸，自幼受父熏陶，喜武功，善于骑射，且有镫里藏身的技术。其家传的太极拳造诣精深，且对全佑传授的太极拳予以不断的修润和充实。使拳架柔和紧凑，连绵不断，遂形成柔化为主的一种大小适中的拳术，从而自成流派，创建了吴式太极拳。主要弟子有子女吴公仪、吴公藻、吴英华，婿马岳梁，侄吴耀宗，外甥赵寿村以及徐致一、马普安等。

　　吴鉴泉先生于1928年迁居上海，广为传授吴式太极拳。于1935年创设鉴泉太极拳社。1939年在上海西藏路青年会10楼，建造鉴泉厅，为吴式太极拳爱好者提供了学习锻炼的场所。1942年吴鉴泉先生不幸去世，上海社务由吴英华（1907-1997）、马岳梁（1901—1998）负责，目前由马岳梁之长子马海龙掌管鉴泉太极拳社的事务。其国外拳社已发展到新加坡、菲律宾、加拿大及香港、澳门等国家和地区，联合国亦有太极拳俱乐部教授吴式太极拳。目前吴式太极拳已遍传于国内外，造福于世界人民，并和他们结下了深厚的友谊。

　　吴式太极拳以柔化著称，动作柔和规距，轻松自然，连续不断，拳式小巧灵活，。拳架由开展而紧凑，紧凑中不显拘谨。充分表现出轻灵、圆活和动作贯串的特有风格。推手动作严密、细腻绵柔，招数随对方而变化，变化多端，守静而不妄动，尤以柔化见长。吴式太极拳还保留了较多的传统项目，徒手方面，保留太极快拳，其中仍保留跳跃和发劲等身法、手法；活步大捋推手，更是机动灵活，粘走变化，身法、手法、步法合一；烂采花是散手，更是出神入化。器械方面，保留太极剑共三路、太极双剑、太极对剑、太极刀、太极13枪(大枪)，太极24枪（小枪），太极扎四枪和粘杆等。

The Origin Of Wu Style Tai Ji Quan

　　 During the Tong Zhi’s rule, Qing Dynasty, the grand master Yang Lu Chan (1799-1872) was hired by the prince Duan Wang’s Palace teaching Tai Ji Quan. He selected three officers from the Shen Ji (Firearm) Battalion as his students. The three selected named Lin Shan, Wan Chun and Quan You (1843 - 1902) respectively. Later, Lin Shan was good at the explosive power, Wan Chun mastered the hard power, whereas Quan You was adept in the neutralizing power, thus they each got one part of their teacher’s techniques.

　　Master Quan You, alternatively named Gong Fu or Bao Ting, from Da Xing County, North China’s He Bei Province, had a gentle appearance but tenacious personality. He was also charitable and generous. He first learnt the big frame from Master Yang Lu Chan, and later learnt the newly modified small frame from Yang Ban Hou, one of the sons of Yang Lu Chan. He then digested and integrated both, and enhanced the Yang Style Tai Ji Quan to a new height. Quan You passed his martial art techniques to his son Wu Jian Quan. Among his other famous disciples are Wang Mao Zhai, Guo Song Ting, Chang Yuan Ting, Xia Gong Fu, Qi Ge Chen, etc.

　　The son of Quan You, Wu Jian Quan (1870 -- 1942) (who adopted the surname of Han nationality roughly in accordance with the pronunciation of his original Manchurian name), alternatively named Ai Shen, learnt from his father from childhood. He liked martial art very much, was good at arrow shooting on the back of and could do the stunt of hiding himself under the abdomen of a running horse. He reached very high attainment in the Tai Ji Quan inherited from his father, and continually modified and enriched it. Finally he established a median sized Tai Ji Form that is soft and contracted, continuous and without disruption, which is then widely known as the Wu Style Tai Ji Quan. Among his disciples are his sons Wu Gong Yi, Wu Gong Zao, his daughter Wu Ying Hua, his son-in-law Ma Yue Liang, his nephew Wu Yao Zong, Zao Shou Cun, and Xu Zhi Yi, Ma Pu An, and so on.

　　Master Wu Jian Quan moved to Shanghai in 1928, spreading the Wu Style Tai Ji Quan in a wide range. The Jian Quan Tai Ji Quan Association was set up in 1935. In 1939, a Jian Quan Hall was built on the 10th floor of Youth Association Building, located in Xi Zang Road, providing an ideal practice and activity location for Wu Style Tai Ji fans. After Master Wu Jian Quan died in 1942, his daughter Wu Ying Hua and son-in-law Ma Yue Liang took over the Association. Now it has been passed on to Ma Hai Long, the eldest son of Ma Yue Liang and Wu Ying Hua. The branches of the Jian Quan Tai Ji Quan Association have already been set up in Singapore, the Philippines, Canada, Hong Kong, Macao, etc. The Wu Style Tai Ji Quan is also taught in the United Nations’ Tai Ji Quan Clubs. The widely spreading of Wu Style Tai Ji Quan both at home and abroad is benefiting people’s heath and acting as a bridge to establish and strengthen friendship between peoples around the world.

　　Wu Style Tai Ji Quan is known for its softness and preciseness, easiness and naturalness, continuous and with no disruption, legerity and agility. The form practice should be open and extending at first, and gradually get contracted later; contracted but not strained. It featured with lightness, smoothness, flexibility and continuity in its form practice on the one hand, and strictness, exquisiteness, softness, and very changeful but all in accordance with the movements of the opponent’s, calmness without purposeless movements in push hands, especially good at neutralizing the attacks from the opponents. It also retains many traditional items like the fast frame that contains the jumping and explosive power practice; the step-moving push hands that is more flexible and requires the coordination of body and limbs; Lan Cai Hua (free-style fighting practice) is simply miraculous and very useful in combat; Tai Ji Single Sword (three routines), Tai Ji Double Swords, Tai Ji sword couple practice, Tai Ji knife, 13 spear (big spear), 24 spear (small spear), Tai Ji prick 4 spear, staff couple practice, and so on.

[[i] 本帖最后由 金轮火凤 于 2006-3-23 17:05 编辑 [/i]]